Effectiveness of Telehealth and Wearable Device-Based Interventions for Managing Childhood and Adolescent Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Adolescent and childhood obesity is a growing public health concern, with traditional interventions often facing challenges related to long-term adherence and reach. Mobile health (mHealth) interventions, including smartphone applications, text messaging, and wearable devices, have emerged as a promising and accessible strategy to promote healthy behaviors. This study systematically reviews the impact of mHealth interventions on body mass index (BMI), adiposity, and related behavioral and psychosocial outcomes in overweight and obese adolescents as well as children. A systematic review of 10 clinical trials was conducted, including studies that examined mHealth interventions in overweight or obese adolescent populations. Primary outcomes focused on weight, BMI, and adiposity, while secondary outcomes encompassed physical activity levels, dietary habits, and psychosocial factors. Data was extracted and synthesized narratively to evaluate clinical trends and identify key factors influencing intervention efficacy. The effectiveness of mHealth interventions on primary weight outcomes was found to be variable and inconsistent. While several studies reported no significant reduction in BMI or adiposity, others demonstrated positive effects, particularly with more comprehensive and tailored programs. The meta-analysis demonstrated that mHealth interventions consistently had a positive and significant impact on secondary outcomes. Specifically, they were found to increase physical activity, improve dietary habits (e.g., lower fast-food consumption), and enhance psychosocial factors such as health knowledge and attitudes. Overall, mHealth interventions serve as a valuable tool for promoting healthy behaviors and improving secondary clinical markers in adolescents as well as children. Although their direct effect on BMI and weight is mixed, the consistent positive impact on behavioral outcomes suggests their potential as an effective adjunctive strategy in obesity management. The effectiveness appears to depend heavily on the design and intensity of the intervention, highlighting the importance of developing comprehensive and well-structured digital programs.