Impact of two field preservation methods on genotyping success of feces.

Non-invasive samples, such as feces, remain an important source of DNA for genetic analyses in molecular ecology and conservation genetics, especially when working with elusive or endangered species. However, as labs transition to higher throughput and genomic-based technologies, many protocols that have been used for decades are becoming obsolete. New approaches have been developed for high-quality samples, now low-quality samples require further technical advances. Fecal samples obtained for non-invasive wildlife studies are typically of very low quality and sampling methods need to be optimized to reduce work and costs per sample. Preservation methods in the field affect the workload in the lab required to obtain genetic data, as well as the final genotype quality. Liquid preservation methods, such as nucleic acid preservation (NAP) buffer and ethanol, have been used during sampling to maintain DNA quality at room temperature until samples can reach the lab. NAP buffer is a non-hazardous, non-flammable solution (easy to send through post), and avoids having to dry the feces before DNA extraction (saving time and increasing safety). Here we compare two different liquid preservation methods (NAP buffer and 96% ethanol) for microsatellite genotyping by next generation sequencing of wolf fecal samples collected in the field and shipped at ambient temperature. Samples preserved in ethanol showed a higher rate of amplification and genotyping success than in NAP buffer, especially due to a higher rate of allelic dropout in NAP. Consequently, the number of replicates required to achieve high quality genotypes was slightly higher for fecal samples preserved in NAP buffer than for those preserved in ethanol. These results are important for the planning and optimization of projects that involve microsatellite genotyping from feces using high throughput technologies.