The effect of beverages and cleansers on the color stability and surface roughness of conventional and digital denture base resins.

Background/aim: Research on the optical and surface properties of 3D-printed denture base materials is limited. This study investigated the effects of different beverages and denture cleansers on the color stability and surface roughness of conventional and digital denture bases. Materials and methods: A total of 240 specimens were prepared using two digital (CAD/CAM milling and 3D printing) and two conventional (cold- and heat-polymerized) materials. The specimens were immersed in tea, coffee, and artificial saliva for 12 days. After immersion, specimens were cleaned with either sodium hypochlorite or a Corega effervescent tablet. Color changes and surface roughness were measured with a colorimeter and a profilometer, respectively. Statistical analyses were performed with ANOVA, t-tests, Kruskal-Wallis, and Wilcoxon tests depending on data distribution. Results: 3D-printed resins exhibited greater discoloration in tea and coffee than in artificial saliva, whereas heat-polymerized and CAD/CAM-milled resins were more color stable. Corega generally reduced discoloration more effectively than NaOCl. Surface roughness increased significantly in 3D-printed and cold-polymerized resins after staining and selected cleansing procedures (p < 0.05), whereas heat-polymerized and CAD/CAM-milled materials maintained lower roughness values. Conclusion: All materials showed clinically acceptable color changes (ΔE00 ≤ 4.1). Heat-polymerized and CAD/CAM-milled resins demonstrated superior surface integrity, suggesting a lower risk of plaque accumulation. Cold-polymerized and 3D-printed resins were more susceptible to staining and increased roughness, underscoring the importance of careful material selection and customized hygiene recommendations to preserve denture esthetics and longevity.