Effectiveness of non-invasive interventions for internet gaming disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is a growing concern among adolescents and adults, necessitating effective treatment strategies beyond pharmacological interventions. AIM: To evaluated the effectiveness of non-invasive interventions for treating IGD among adolescents and adults. METHODS: A total of 11 randomized controlled trials published between 2020 and 2025 were included in this meta-analysis, encompassing 1208 participants from diverse geographic and cultural contexts. The interventions examined included cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), internet-based CBT, neurofeedback, virtual reality therapy, abstinence-based programs, and school-based prevention. The primary outcomes assessed were reductions in gaming time and IGD severity. Secondary outcomes included improvements in mood, anxiety, and psychosocial functioning (e.g., stronger peer relationships, better academic or work performance, and healthier daily-life role fulfillment). RESULTS: The pooled standardized mean difference for IGD symptom reduction significantly favored non-invasive interventions (Hedges' g = 0.56, 95%CI: 0.38-0.74, P < 0.001), with moderate heterogeneity observed (I 2 = 47%). Subgroup analyses indicated that CBT-based programs, both in-person and online, yielded the strongest effects, particularly when caregiver involvement or self-monitoring was incorporated. Funnel plot asymmetry was minimal, suggesting a low risk of publication bias. CONCLUSION: These findings support the efficacy of scalable, low-risk non-invasive interventions as first-line treatment options for IGD, particularly in youth populations. Future studies should prioritize investigating long-term outcomes, comparing the effectiveness of different non-invasive modalities, and developing culturally adaptive delivery methods.