Primary Health Care Challenges in Managing Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases: A Comprehensive Literature Review.

Background: The emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases present critical challenges to global public health, resulting in increased mortality rates and substantial economic burdens on healthcare systems. This comprehensive review examines primary healthcare initiatives designed to combat emerging and re-emerging diseases across diverse populations. The objective is to analyze the healthcare system's experiences and derive key lessons that can enhance future responses. Methods: A comprehensive search of international databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase, was conducted, with data extraction based on the World Health Organization's (WHO) 6-building block framework for health system strengthening. Results: A total of 57 studies were included in the final analysis. Six major themes emerged from the review: (1) the necessity for coordinated national and international efforts, as well as the cultivation of public trust; (2) the need for innovation and optimal utilization of existing resources to improve community health services and safety; (3) ensuring psychological and financial support for healthcare personnel; (4) maintaining adequate reserves and timely access to essential medications, treatments, and protective equipment; (5) the importance of updated, reliable communication systems to disseminate information effectively; and (6) securing sustainable financial resources for medical supplies, protective equipment, and staff remuneration. Conclusion: The findings underscore the vital importance of learning from past pandemics to strengthen healthcare systems and enhance preparedness at both national and global levels, especially in light of the growing prevalence of infectious diseases. This review offers a roadmap for improving primary healthcare responses to future public health crises.