Ultrasound imaging in orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma models: Promise, practicality, and points for refinement.

The study by Devan et al presents an ultrasound-based protocol for monitoring tumor growth in a syngeneic orthotopic rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This approach is commendable for its reproducibility, cost-effectiveness, and alignment with ethical imperatives, particularly in reducing the need for invasive assessments. The strong correlation of ultrasound-based volumes with histology and therapeutic response highlights its translational promise. However, certain considerations merit further discussion. Ultrasound imaging, while accessible, is inherently operator-dependent, and its accuracy may decline with irregular or heterogeneous tumor morphology. Moreover, the exclusive reliance on the rat hepatoma cell line (N1S1) cells raises questions about generalizability to other HCC models with differing immune interactions. Future refinements should standardize training protocols, incorporate multimodal validation, and explore diverse tumor settings. Despite these limitations, the study provides a useful approach, and its broader integration could democratize preclinical oncology research, especially in resource-constrained environments.