Anal sphincter reconstruction for fecal incontinence: Techniques, outcomes, and future directions.

Fecal incontinence, a debilitating condition that significantly impairs quality of life, affects 2%-21% of adults worldwide. For patients whose structural defects are unresponsive to conservative therapies, sphincter reconstruction remains the primary treatment approach. Although traditional surgical techniques effectively restore anatomy in the short term, their long-term efficacy is constrained by progressive muscle atrophy and fibrotic scarring. In complex cases, alternative interventions, including dynamic gracilis or gluteus maximus transposition and artificial sphincter implantation, offer therapeutic options yet are associated with increased surgical risks and high complication rates. Emerging therapies such as regenerative medicine and neuromodulatory approaches have potential, although further rigorous clinical validation is needed to establish standardized protocols. Optimizing fecal incontinence management necessitates precise patient stratification, multidisciplinary collaboration, and the development of individualized treatment algorithms. Advancements in this field depend on large-scale clinical trials and comprehensive long-term outcome assessments to improve therapeutic efficacy and patient-centered care.