Effectiveness of atorvastatin, methylene blue, and lidocaine as chemical antiadhesion agents in preventing postoperative remote adhesions: a randomized controlled experimental study in a rat model.

Purpose: We investigated the antiadhesive effects of lidocaine, methylene blue, and atorvastatin, with a focus on preventing remote adhesions in a rat model of postoperative adhesions. Methods: Models were assigned to either the control group (saline infusion only) or treatment groups (group L, lidocaine; group M, methylene blue; or group S, atorvastatin). Adhesions were induced by intestinal or abdominal wall injuries. The rats were sacrificed 2 weeks after surgery. Results: The number of remote adhesions was markedly lower in groups L, M, and S than in the control group. The macroscopic adhesion score was substantially lower in groups L, M, and S than in the control group. Acute and chronic inflammation, as well as fibrosis scores, were also markedly lower in groups L, M, and S than in the control group. IL-1β levels were considerably reduced in groups L, M, and S at 2 hours after surgery and remained substantially lower in group S at 48 hours. IL-6 levels were markedly reduced in groups M and S at 2 hours and in all treatment groups at 48 hours than in the control group. Conclusion: Intraperitoneal administration of lidocaine, methylene blue, and atorvastatin effectively reduced remote adhesion formation, macroscopic and microscopic adhesion scores, and inflammatory cytokine levels in a rat adhesion model.