Cell characterization of extranodal lymphoproliferative disorders.

Background: Lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) comprise a broad range of conditions characterized by abnormal lymphocyte proliferation. Extranodal manifestations are relatively rare, particularly in the oral cavity. A detailed understanding of their histopathological and immunophenotypic features is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective management. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the cellular composition of intraoral extranodal LPDs and assess their diagnostic significance. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 14 confirmed cases of extranodal LPDs retrieved from the Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College, spanning the period from 2004 to 2024. Clinical records, histopathological slides and immunohistochemical profiles were reviewed. The study focused on evaluating key cellular components, including centroblasts, centrocytes, immunoblasts and plasma cells. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) constituted 74% of the cases, with a slight male predominance (7:6). The maxilla was more frequently affected than the mandible (8:2). A diffuse growth pattern was observed in 70% of cases, with centroblasts being the most prominent cell type (38%). Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated significant positivity for CD45, CD20 and CD138 (P = 0.006), highlighting their role in distinguishing lymphoid and plasma cell neoplasms. Conclusion: Intraoral extranodal LPDs, though uncommon, exhibit distinct histopathological and immunophenotypic characteristics that support accurate classification and diagnosis. The predominance of centroblasts in aggressive cases reinforces their prognostic value. This study underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary diagnostic approach and emphasizes the need for further research into molecular markers to enhance detection and targeted therapy.