Advancing Precision in Shoulder Arthroplasty: Patient-Specific Instrumentation, Navigation, and Emerging Technologies.

The evolution of shoulder arthroplasty has seen transformative advancements to improve precision, minimize complications, and optimize functional outcomes. Patient-specific instrumentation and navigation systems are pivotal innovations that improve surgical accuracy and enable tailored approaches for complex anatomy. These tools also impact preoperative planning and decision-making, contributing to more efficient procedures and reduced intraoperative errors. Emerging technologies, including augmented reality, virtual reality, and robotic surgery, introduce novel opportunities for preoperative visualization, intraoperative guidance, and interactive training. These technologies demonstrate significant potential for improving guidewire placement accuracy, providing real-time procedural assistance, and transforming orthopedic education through immersive and efficient training platforms. While promising, these innovations require further research to validate their long-term efficacy and establish standardized protocols for broader clinical adoption. This review highlights current advancements and challenges, emphasizing the capability of these technologies to enhance patient care and advance shoulder arthroplasty.