GSF-LLM: Graph-Enhanced Spatio-Temporal Fusion-Based Large Language Model for Traffic Prediction.

Accurate traffic prediction is essential for intelligent transportation systems, urban mobility management, and traffic optimization. However, existing deep learning approaches often struggle to jointly capture complex spatial dependencies and temporal dynamics, and they are prone to overfitting when modeling large-scale traffic networks. To address these challenges, we propose the GSF-LLM (graph-enhanced spatio-temporal fusion-based large language model), a novel framework that integrates large language models (LLMs) with graph-based spatio-temporal learning. GSF-LLM employs a spatio-temporal fusion module to jointly encode spatial and temporal correlations, combined with a partially frozen graph attention (PFGA) mechanism to model topological dependencies while mitigating overfitting. Furthermore, a low-rank adaptation (LoRA) strategy is adopted to fine-tune a subset of LLM parameters, improving training efficiency and generalization. Experiments on multiple real-world traffic datasets demonstrate that GSF-LLM consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, showing strong potential for extension to related tasks such as data imputation, trajectory generation, and anomaly detection.