Marine Bioactive Peptides in the Regulation of Inflammatory Responses: Current Trends and Future Directions.

Marine-derived bioactive peptides (MBPs) are emerging as promising natural agents for regulating inflammatory responses. MBPs, typically obtained through enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins from various marine organisms such as fish, mollusks, and algae, exhibit diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects. The ability of MBPs to modulate key inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-6, and COX-2, primarily through pathways like NF-κB and MAPK, highlights the therapeutic potential of MBPs in managing chronic inflammatory diseases. However, most existing studies are confined to in vitro assays or animal models, with limited translation to human clinical applications. This review explores the stability, bioavailability, and metabolic rate of MBPs under physiological conditions, which remain poorly understood. In addition, a lack of standardized protocols for peptide extraction, purification, and efficacy evaluation hinders comparative analysis across studies and also different proteomics approaches for separation, purification, identification, and quantification of marine-derived peptides with therapeutic properties. The structure-function relationship of MBPs is also underexplored, limiting rational design and targeted applications in functional foods or therapeutic products. These limitations are largely due to a lack of consolidated information and integrated research efforts. To address these challenges, this review summarizes recent progress in identifying MBPs with anti-inflammatory potentials, outlines key mechanisms, and highlights current limitations. Additionally, this review also emphasizes the need to enhance mechanistic understanding, optimize delivery strategies, and advance clinical validation to fully realize the therapeutic potential of MBPs.