Conservation and Remodeling of Alternative Splicing Landscapes in the Evolution of Panax.

Alternative splicing (AS) is a widely recognized post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism that plays a crucial role in plant evolution and environmental adaptation. In this study, five representative Panax species were systematically analyzed to examine the evolutionary conservation and functional characteristics of AS events. Results revealed an expansion in the number of AS events and associated genes across the Panax species, accompanied by a genome-wide shift in splicing types from a dominance of intron retention (IR) to an increase in exon skipping (ES), alternative donor (A5), and alternative acceptor (A3) events. Splicing preferences were also found to diverge among allotetraploid species, which exhibited more complex AS patterns. The genomic features of IR and ES events, such as GC content and length of the sequence involved in AS, were highly conserved among Panax species of different ploidy levels (diploid vs. allotetraploid). Genes harboring conserved IR events across all five species were identified, and functional annotation indicated that these genes are primarily involved in chromatin modification and RNA splicing-related processes. This study elucidates the dynamic remodeling of AS during the evolution of Panax and provides important insights into the evolutionary adaptive mechanisms of AS in plants.