Pioglitazone-Based Combination Approaches for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) being the most prevalent subtype. NSCLC is marked by a complex genetic makeup, involving numerous driver mutations and epigenetic changes that drive tumor growth and resistance to treatment. While several approaches, including chemotherapy and targeted therapy, have been used for lung cancer treatment, their overall responses remain dismal, indicating the need to explore alternative targets implicated in cancer growth. Among various candidates, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), which plays critical roles in regulating cellular functions related to tumorigenesis, has been explored as a promising target for NSCLC intervention. To that end, thiazolidinediones, including pioglitazone, that target PPARγ have shown promise in multiple cellular and preclinical models of NSCLC. Mechanistically, pioglitazone inhibits cancer growth and induces apoptosis via downregulating key signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which play critical roles in regulating cellular activities such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cellular bioenergetics, and glucose metabolism. This review highlights the recent updates on the mechanistic insights and the efficacy of PPARγ agonist-based approaches, with an emphasis on pioglitazone, for the treatment of NSCLC. We logically discuss the experimental evidence from the in vitro and in vivo studies exploring pioglitazone's effect on metabolic pathways, chemical-carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis, the targeting of cell signaling pathways, and then its combination with other therapeutic agents. We also present clinical studies that support pioglitazone's potential in chemoprevention and underscore its further exploration in large cohorts of NSCLC patients.