Nanoparticle-Based Targeted Drug Delivery Methods for Heart-Specific Distribution in Cardiovascular Therapy.

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide and are often managed through invasive surgical procedures such as heart transplantation, ventricular assist device implantation, coronary artery bypass grafting, and stent placement. However, significant unmet medical needs persist in this field. The development of pharmaceutical agents using non-invasive delivery strategies is therefore of critical importance. Current treatments often target peripheral tissues or organs-such as capillary endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle, and renal tubules-to reduce cardiac workload by lowering blood pressure. However, effective drug delivery directly to the myocardium continues to pose a significant challenge. For conditions such as congestive heart failure (CHF) and myocardial infarction (MI), targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to the heart is essential. In this perspective review, I discuss the potential and emerging strategies for non-invasive cardiac drug delivery, focusing on receptor-mediated endocytosis and transcytosis using nanoparticle-based delivery systems that have frequently been employed for targeting the brain or cancer cells although their use for cardiac delivery remains largely unexplored.