Preclinical Models of Oropouche Virus Infection and Disease.

Oropouche virus (OROV) is an emerging and underreported arbovirus with dengue-like symptoms confounding diagnosis. OROV is also neuroinvasive, with a small number of cases presenting severe neurological symptoms. There have been recently reported deaths from confirmed cases of OROV and reported instances of vertical transmission from mother to foetus, with confirmed cases in Brazil and a congenital anomaly, reportedly as a consequence of OROV infection in Cuba, with further cases under investigation. Whilst cases of OROV infection occur mainly in South America, many cases have been imported elsewhere, including the United States and Europe. Despite the emerging threat to public health, animal modelling to study OROV pathogenicity and immunity and to evaluate therapeutic candidates remains limited. For this review, we carried out a literature search through major research databases (PubMed and Scopus) up to September 2025 to capture the extent of in vivo model development for this pathogen. We identified only 17 relevant primary research articles within these criteria which detailed hamster, mouse and non-human primate (NHP) models. Here, we discuss the extent of in vivo model development for OROV. In summary, small and large animal models need to be assessed with recent clinical isolates and reassortants, asymptomatic disease presentation in the NHP model requires further study and the hamster model shows potential for use in pathogenicity and vaccine or antiviral efficacy studies. We also compile relevant metadata and discuss the need for an animal model that more closely resembles human disease.