Large-Area Pulsed Laser Deposition Growth of Transparent Conductive Al-Doped ZnO Thin Films.

High-quality AZO thin films were produced on a 4-inch Si substrate using large-area PLD equipment at a substrate temperature of 330 °C, with a ZnO: Al (98:2 wt.%) target. This study aims to enhance the electrical, optical, morphological and structural properties of large-area PLD-grown AZO thin films by tuning the deposition pressures. The samples were prepared under high-vacuum (HV) conditions, as well as in oxygen atmospheres of 0.005 mbar O2, 0.01 mbar O2, and 0.1 mbar O2. Consequently, a bilayer AZO film was prepared in a combination of two deposition pressures (first layer prepared under HV, followed by the second layer prepared at 0.01 mbar O2). Additionally, morphological and structural characterization revealed that high-quality columnar growth AZO thin films free of droplets, with a strong (002) orientation, were achieved on a 4-inch Si substrate. Moreover, Hall measurements in the Van der Pauw configuration were used to assess the electrical properties. A low electrical resistivity of 3.98 × 10-4 Ω cm, combined with a high carrier concentration (n) of 1.05 × 1021 cm-3 and a charge carrier mobility of 17.9 cm2/V s, was achieved at room temperature for the sample prepared under HV conditions. The optical characterization conducted through spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements showed that the large-area AZO sample exhibits an increased optical transparency in the visible (VIS) range with a near-zero extinction coefficient (k) and a wide bandgap of 3.75 eV, fulfilling the standards for materials classified as TCO. In addition, the increased thickness uniformity of the prepared AZO films over a large area represents a significant step in scaling the PLD technique for industrial applications.