Two Novel Microbacterium Species Isolated from Citrullus colocynthis L. (Cucurbitaceae), a Medicinal Plant from Arid Environments.

Plants inhabiting arid regions often harbor microbial communities that contribute to their resilience under extreme conditions. Yet, the genomic diversity and functional potential of bacterial endophytes associated with desert-adapted plants, particularly in Africa, remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated Microbacterium endophytes from the xerophytic cucurbit Citrullus colocynthis L. (Cucurbitaceae), collected in a semi-arid environment in central Morocco. Using culture-based isolation, phenotypic characterization, and whole-genome sequencing, we analyzed three representative isolates from leaf and root tissues. Genome-based taxonomy combined with polyphasic analyses identified two novel species, Microbacterium xerophyticum sp. nov. and Microbacterium umsixpiens sp. nov., with genome sizes of approximately 4.0 Mb and 3.9 Mb, respectively. Functional annotation revealed traits consistent with endophytism in water-limited ecosystems, including oxidative and osmotic stress responses, metal homeostasis, and high-affinity phosphate uptake. Differences in siderophore acquisition and nitrogen metabolism suggest niche partitioning between the two species. These findings document two novel bacterial species from a medicinal plant native to arid ecosystems, broaden the known diversity of plant-associated Microbacterium, and provide region-specific genomic references with adaptive traits relevant to host resilience under arid conditions.