Diversity, Distribution, and Host Blood Meals of Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Laos.

Adult black flies were collected from diverse habitats in five provinces of Laos. In total, 4659 adults (4570 females and 89 males) were collected. Morphological identification, supplemented with the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene, revealed 12 species. The most abundant taxa were Simulium khelangense/S. chumpornense and S. asakoae/S. myanmarense with 58% (2628 of 4476) and 38% (1720 of 4476) of the total specimens, respectively. Simulium asakoae/S. myanmarense was the most geographically widespread taxon (65% of sites) from 174 to 1219 m above sea level. The remaining species were far less abundant (<2%) and found in only one or a few locations. Molecular identifications of vertebrate blood meals indicated that most hosts (57 of 66) were chickens. Five taxa, S. asakoae, S. khelangense, S. myanmarense, S. aureohirtum, and S. striatum group, fed on chickens, representing the first hosts records for the latter three taxa. Simulium daoense fed on water buffalo, marking the first record of this species in Laos and the first report of its blood hosts. The abundance and frequent use of domestic chickens as hosts suggests that S. khelangense and S. asakoae could be significant pests and might serve as vectors of avian blood parasites in Laos.