Raman and Infrared Spectroscopy of Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Vibrational spectroscopy is one of the most powerful techniques available for the characterization of materials for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) and one of the most useful tools when X-ray diffraction is ineffective for amorphous substances. Raman spectroscopy is essentially a probe to examine the surface of compounds that strongly absorb visible light, which is the case for all electrode materials, while infrared spectroscopy is a tool that examines the entire volume of particles. The purpose of this review is to study the lattice dynamics of cathode, anode, and electrolyte materials of advanced LIBs, especially nanomaterials for high-power-density application. Ex situ and in situ analyses are presented, which satisfy several key issues, such as structural stability over long-term cycling.