A Narrative Review of Metallomic Studies: Revealing the Toxic Metal Burden in Tobacco Smokers.

Metallomics, which studies the role of metals in biological processes, is crucial for understanding the impact of elements on human health. It requires an integrated approach combining quantitative and functional methods, supported by advanced analytical techniques. A comprehensive understanding of metallomics considers the accumulation, speciation, and distribution of metals. In recent decades, an increasing number of studies have focused on determining metal levels in human tissues, particularly in the context of chronic diseases and developmental disorders. Levels of macro- and microelements, both essential and toxic, play a fundamental role in both physiological and pathological processes. Given the increasing health risks associated with addictions such as smoking, understanding the mechanisms of toxicity based on metallomic studies is crucial. This literature review synthesizes current advances in analytical techniques used to determine trace elements in biological samples, the accumulation of toxic metals, and the disruption of element homeostasis in tobacco smokers. The aim of this study is to identify key risks from tobacco-related metal exposure, thereby providing a deeper understanding of the long-term health consequences. The obtained results may constitute the basis for future directions of metallomic research.