Population Genetic Structure of Historic Olives (Olea europaea subsp. europaea) from Jordan.

Major historic olive tree cultivars around the Mediterranean originate from the Jordan area and possess a proven abiotic stress tolerance; however, they were unexplored from the diversity perspective. Therefore, historic olive tree accessions from three northern regions-Irbid (i), Jerash (J), and Ajloun (A)-were analyzed using DNA molecular markers to identify and study their genetic relationships and genetic structure. DNA molecular markers of inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) were used. A total of 3150 data entries (859 present and 2291 absent) were generated with fragment sizes ranging from 350 to 2000 bp. Data entries were evaluated with UPGMA and population genetic structure analysis. The results showed that similarity among the investigated sixty-three accessions ranged from 9% between J14 and i20 up to 100% between 'J11' and 'J12' and between A8 and A9. The discriminating power values for ISSR_807, ISSR_810, and ISSR_825 were 0.70, 0.61, and 0.83, respectively. A generated dendrogram showed ten major clades, while the genetic structure could resolve four unique genetic pools: one for Irbid, one for Jerash, and two for Ajloun. In addition, analysis of 19 phenotypic parameters covering leaf, fruit, stone, and flesh was able to confirm the molecular data. Phenotypic and ISSR data were analyzed using PCA, cluster, and Mantel tests. ISSR markers showed clear genetic differentiation among groups, whereas phenotypic traits displayed lower variation but a significant correlation with molecular diversity. Promising accessions with either pure or admixture genetic makeup were identified. The resolved genetic structure of the investigated historic olive accessions would open new frontiers for olive breeding and utilization, helping to overcome current production challenges and climate change limitations.