Disparities in Healthcare Utilization by Settlement Type in Serbia.

Background and Objectives: Urban-rural health disparities reflect differences in health outcomes, healthcare access, and socio-economic conditions between populations. In Serbia, limited research has quantified how socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics influence settlement type and healthcare utilization. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between settlement type and socio-demographic/socio-economic factors, and to assess whether these differences are reflected in patterns of healthcare utilization. Materials and Methods: Data were drawn from the 2019 Serbian National Health Survey, a nationally representative, stratified, two-stage random sample including 12,439 adults aged ≥20 years. Settlement type (urban vs. rural) was the primary dependent variable. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square and t-tests, and bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess associations. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Urban residence was more likely among unmarried individuals, those living in Šumadija/Central Serbia, and those with higher education. Primary or lower education reduced the odds of urban residence, and middle-income groups were less likely to live in urban areas compared to the richest. Settlement type was not significantly associated with hospital or day hospital use. However, rural residents had lower use of prescribed medicines, higher use of non-prescribed medicines, and more frequent physiotherapy visits. Private practice use was over twice as likely in urban settlements. Conclusions: To address urban-rural healthcare disparities in Serbia, targeted strategies could include enhancing health literacy in rural areas, incentivizing physicians to work in underserved regions, expanding telemedicine and mobile health services, improving access to prescribed medications, and strengthening public-private healthcare integration to ensure equitable access across all settlement types.