What Drives Consumers' Breakfast Food Choices? Case Study in South Africa-A Multiethnic Middle-Income Country.

What people consume for breakfast and why they do so have not been widely studied, especially in developing-economy countries. This study aimed to determine the breakfast food habits and their drivers of adults in South Africa, a multiethnic middle-income country. An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1000 representative consumers of moderate to higher living standard (Living Standard Measure [LSM] range ≥ 5). Data from 842 respondents (mean age 41 years, 51.7% females and 48.3% males) was analyzed. Of 21 different food types in descending order, the most frequently consumed were bread, ready-to-eat (RTE) cereals, fruits/nuts, high-fibre cereal, yoghurt, and leftovers, all consumed weekly by 42-65% of respondents. Principal component analysis revealed that three components had eigenvalues > 1 characterized as "On-the-go", "Traditional", and "Ready-to-eat and functional cereals". They explained 49% of the data. Decision tree analysis revealed that, for example, Black respondents were more likely to consume foods in the "traditional" category. Quick-and-easy options, notably bread, RTE cereals, fruits/nuts, and leftovers, were dominant, especially among lower LSM respondents. Tasty and filling, and value for money, as exemplified by leftovers and vetkoek (fried dough), were important considerations, particularly among these respondents. These drivers can lead to unhealthy choices, a major concern in South Africa with its high level of diet-related diseases. This study, however, indicates that South African consumers, irrespective of age, ethnicity, and living standard, rated healthfulness and nutritional value highly as a benefit, the highest for choosing 13 of the 21 foods. Additionally, aspects of wellness, e.g., feeling energized/recharged, rated very highly. Thus, it is concluded that the opportunity exists to support consumer needs of nutrition and wellness together with affordability, taste, and satiety.