Evolving Resection Strategies for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers: Translating Trial Evidence to Real-World Practice.

BACKGROUND: Lobectomy has long been the gold standard for early-stage NSCLC, but recent trials challenge its universality. The Japanese JCOG0802 trial demonstrated superior overall survival with segmentectomy versus lobectomy, whereas the North American CALGB140503 trial showed non-inferiority of sublobar resection, including wedge and segmentectomy, compared with lobectomy. METHODS: This commentary critically evaluates evidence from JCOG0802 and CALGB140503 in the context of wider thoracic surgical practice. We examine trial disparities, the role of real-world data, heterogeneity in surgical approach and lymph node staging, the impact of robotics on segmentectomy adoption, and the application of segmental resection in pulmonary metastasectomy. RESULTS: The divergent trial findings reflect differences in populations, nodal staging, and surgical definitions. Worldwide, variability in sublobar practice and inconsistent nodal assessment present challenges to oncological reliability. Robotics has facilitated a rapid increase in anatomical segmentectomy but risks shifting surgical intent from necessity to feasibility. In metastasectomy, segmentectomy may improve local control but remains unproven in randomised studies. Emerging strategies such as IVLP and molecular profiling offer potential to refine patient selection and outcomes. CONCLUSION: Sublobar resection represents a paradigm shift in the surgical management of small NSCLC. Ensuring oncological validity in real-world practice requires rigorous nodal staging, equitable access to technology, and prospective evaluation of segmentectomy in both primary and metastatic disease. Future advances will depend on aligning surgical precision with biologically informed patient selection.