Engineered Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells with Promising Potential for Regenerative Medicine.

The fields of regenerative medicine and stem cell-based tissue engineering hold great potential for treating a wide range of tissue and organ defects. Stem cells are ideal candidates for regenerative medicine because they are undifferentiated cells with the capacity for self-renewal, rapid proliferation, multilineage differentiation, and expression of pluripotency-associated genes. Human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) consist of various cell types (including stem cells) and possess multilineage differentiation potential. Owing to their easy isolation and rapid proliferation, DPSCs and their derivatives are considered promising candidates for repairing injured tissues. Recent advances in gene engineering have enabled cells to express specific genes of interest, leading to the secretion of medically important proteins or the alteration of cell behavior. For example, transient expression of Yamanaka's factors in DPSCs can induce transdifferentiation into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These gene-engineered cells represent valuable candidates for regenerative medicine, including stem cell therapies and tissue engineering. However, challenges remain in their development and application, particularly regarding safety, efficacy, and scalability. This review summarizes current knowledge on gene-engineered DPSCs and their derivatives and explores possible clinical applications, with a special focus on oral regeneration.