Biomedicines
From Monoamines to Systems Psychiatry: Rewiring Depression Science and Care (1960s-2025).
Masaru Tanaka
Published: 202510.3390/biomedicines14010035
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) was long framed as a single clinical entity arising from a linear stress-monoamine-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis cascade. This view was shaped by forced swim and learned helplessness tests in animals and by…
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