Rates of Spawning and Mortality Using Contrasting Methods for Culling Pacific Crown-of-Thorns Starfish, Acanthaster cf. solaris.

Timely, concerted, and persistent culling (or manual removal) is required to effectively manage population irruptions of crown-of-thorns starfish (CoTS; Acanthaster spp.). However, there are concerns that handling and culling gravid starfish may induce spawning. This study explicitly tested the frequency and timing of spawning for Pacific CoTS (Acanthaster cf. solaris) injected with either bile salts (10 mL of 8 g·L-1 Bile Salts No. 3) or vinegar (20 mL of 4% acetic acid, with 10 mL injected into each of two non-adjacent arms), up to 48 h after treatment, while also considering three distinct experimental controls (handling controls, injection controls, and spawning controls). This study showed that male CoTS often spawn within 24 h after different culling treatments. However, the incidence of spawning by male starfish injected with vinegar (70%) was nearly twice that of male starfish injected with bile salts (36.4%). In contrast, there were no instances of spawning by female CoTS following handling or injections of bile salts and vinegar. Variation in the incidence of spawning between culling treatments is largely attributable to differences in the rate of mortality, whereby CoTS injected with bile salts (n = 23) consistently died within 24 h and therefore had limited opportunity to spawn. Meanwhile, CoTS injected with vinegar generally died >24 h post-treatment, and many had not died even after 48 h. This suggests that, where available, bile salts (rather than vinegar) should be used when culling Acanthaster cf. solaris, especially during reproductive periods. However, sustained culling effort is still the most direct and effective way to suppress the local densities and reproductive capacity of CoTS.