Creating New Forms of Hexaploid Triticale Associating Complete R and D Genomes.

Triticale, a man-made cereal, has been grown worldwide since the 1980s in order to replace established cereals in difficult areas, at least partially. The present cultivars are mostly hexaploid genotypes with 42 chromosomes, of genomic structure AA BB RR. Their agricultural performance does not meet all breeding requirements. In particular, some technological characteristics are inadequate compared to tetraploid (durum) and hexaploid (soft) wheats. Therefore, we aimed to find ways to improve modern triticale varieties by targeted introgression with genes and even chromosomes from wheat, in particular, from the D genome. Through appropriate bridge crossings and embryo culture technique and under cytogenetic control, a series of new stable hexaploid lines with reasonable agronomic stability were finally produced. All of them carried a complete D sub-genome, a complete R sub-genome, plus a mixed genome consisting of various combinations of chromosomes derived from the A and B genomes representing the seven homoeologous groups. It is clear that such mixed genomes can be of genetic and breeding significance. These large introgression lines demonstrate the flexibility of genome organization and offer the opportunity for further regulatory and genetic optimization.