Exploring the Relationship Between Farmland Management and Manure-Derived Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Their Prevention and Control Strategies.

Background/Objectives: The application of manure introduces antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) into farmland, posing a significant public health risk. While tillage and fertilization practices are known to influence soil ecosystems, a systematic synthesis of how tillage patterns specifically regulate the fate of manure-derived ARGs is lacking. Methods: This review bridges this critical knowledge gap by systematically analyzing the interactions between conventional/conservation tillage and the distribution, persistence, and transmission of these ARGs. Results: It is observed that conservation tillage (e.g., no tillage), while beneficial for soil health, can lead to ARG accumulation at the soil surface, potentially increasing runoff risks, whereas conventional tillage promotes vertical mixing and dilution. A key unique contribution of this review is the systematic comparison of conventional versus conservation tillage, revealing quantitative reductions in ARG abundance. under practices like no till or deep plowing. Conclusions: We further con-solidate and propose integrated management strategies, combining precision agriculture, optimized fertilization, and scientific soil management, to mitigate ARG pollution. This work provides a targeted framework for developing more effective intervention measures to ensure agricultural sustainability and safeguard human health.