Beyond hours: how conformity-driven overtime influences work withdrawal behavior via dual psychological mechanisms.

Introduction: Despite the prevalence of conformity-driven overtime in East Asian organizations, research on its underlying psychological mechanisms and behavioral consequences remains scarce. Drawing on the Job Demands-Resources model, this study examines how conformity-driven overtime influences work withdrawal behavior through dual pathways-resource depletion and resource compensation-and investigates the moderating role of organizational market orientation. Methods: A four-wave longitudinal survey was conducted among 943 Chinese employees. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling to test the hypothesized moderated mediation model. Results: Results indicated that conformity-driven overtime simultaneously triggered resource depletion via emotional suppression and resource compensation via organization-based self-esteem. Both mechanisms subsequently affected work-related burnout, which in turn predicted work withdrawal behavior. Crucially, organizational market orientation significantly moderated these pathways. In fully market-oriented organizations, where the overtime effort-reward contingency is more predictable and transparent, the detrimental emotional suppression pathway becomes non-significant while the beneficial organization-based self-esteem pathway strengthens, compared to non-market-oriented organizations where overtime evaluative ambiguity prevails. Discussion: These findings extend JD-R theory by demonstrating that a single job demand-conformity-driven overtime-can elicit distinct, opposing psychological responses (depletion vs. compensation) that are contingent upon the organizational context. Practically, organizations are advised to scrutinize the underlying motives of overtime behavior and mitigate conformity pressures by shifting from a presence-based to a results-oriented performance evaluation system, thereby fostering a healthier work climate.