Advances in clinical research on interstitial lung disease.

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a group of pulmonary disorders characterized by complex etiologies and diverse clinical manifestations, with an increasing incidence trend. This article aims to review the cutting-edge research on ILD, including new insights into its pathogenesis, advances in diagnostic technologies, and innovations in therapeutic strategies. It deeply explores the key roles of signaling pathways such as TGF-β and Wnt/β-catenin in pulmonary fibrosis, as well as the mechanisms of alveolar epithelial cell injury and repair. Meanwhile, it details the applications of novel biomarkers (e.g., blood, respiratory tract, and imaging biomarkers) in disease diagnosis and condition monitoring. In terms of treatment, it elaborates on the research progress in frontier directions such as clinical trials of new drugs, precision medicine and individualized treatment, and cell therapy and regenerative medicine, in order to provide the latest theoretical basis and diagnostic/therapeutic ideas for clinical practice.