Advances in post-processing methods for multiple sequence alignment.

The reliability of multiple sequence alignment (MSA) results directly determines the credibility of the conclusions drawn from biological research. However, MSA is inherently an NP-hard problem, making it theoretically impossible to guarantee a globally optimal solution. Consequently, in addition to developing more efficient alignment algorithms, improving the quality of initial alignments through post-processing optimization has become an important strategy for enhancing the overall alignment accuracy. Although post-processing methods have shown potential in improving alignment accuracy, currently, there is a lack of systematic reviews and summaries. In this review, we provide a systematic overview of the development and key research ideas of MSA post-processing methods over the past 3 decades and outline potential directions for future research.