The epigenetic influence of diet-induced gut microbiome changes in precision nutrition - a systematic review.

Aim: This systematic review aimed to comprehensively evaluate the existing literature on the epigenetic influence of diet-induced gut microbiome changes in the context of precision nutrition. Background: Diet influences gut microbiome composition, which regulates epigenetic modifications affecting inflammation, metabolism, and disease susceptibility. Precision nutrition seeks to personalize dietary strategies based on these interactions, yet the role of microbiome-driven epigenetic regulation remains under investigation. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in 2025 following PRISMA guidelines. Studies exploring the relationship between dietary interventions, gut microbiome composition, and epigenetic changes were identified via PubMed and Google Scholar. Thirty-five studies, including randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and observational research, met the inclusion criteria. Data on dietary interventions, microbial composition, epigenetic modifications, and health outcomes were synthesized. Results: Diets rich in fiber and polyphenols enhanced microbial diversity, increased short-chain fatty acid production, and positively influenced epigenetic markers related to metabolic health. In contrast, Western-style and high-fat diets were associated with gut dysbiosis, inflammation, and negative epigenetic changes linked to metabolic disorders. Dietary interventions impacted DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA expression, influencing long-term health. Conclusion: This review highlights the key role of diet-induced changes in the gut microbiome in modulating epigenetic mechanisms like DNA methylation and histone modifications. These alterations influence metabolic health, disease risk, and precision nutrition strategies. While dietary interventions show promise, challenges such as individual variability and methodological inconsistencies require further research to refine clinical applications of microbiome-driven nutrition.