Clinical Pathways in Knee and Hip Arthroplasty: Narrative Review on Sustainability, Quality, and Resource Management.

Background: Increasing arthroplasty volumes are testing health care system capacity, budgets, and workforce resilience. Clinical pathways (CPWs) provide a practical, evidence-based structure that aligns perioperative actions from preparation through follow-up. In this review, we treat three aims as coprimary: quality (patient outcomes and adherence to best practice); resource management and efficiency at the episode level (eg, length of stay, perioperative flow, direct costs); and sustainability, defined as the ability to maintain high-quality services over time by optimizing financial, human, and environmental resources while safeguarding equitable access. Objective: This study aimed to describe the main CPW subtypes used in hip and knee arthroplasty and synthesize evidence on their effects on quality of care, resource management, and sustainability. Methods: We conducted a narrative review of studies indexed in PubMed and Cochrane (2013-2024) that evaluated CPWs in total hip and knee arthroplasty. Screening and selection were documented with a PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses)-style flow diagram for transparency, and findings were synthesized thematically. Results: Across CPW models, consistent signals of benefit were identified. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) pathways accelerate recovery and enable earlier discharge without increasing complications, often reducing opioid exposure and time to mobilization. Integrated Clinical Pathways improve standardization and multidisciplinary coordination across settings, reducing unwarranted variability and supporting safer transitions of care. Fast-track programs emphasize early mobilization and streamlined perioperative processes, improving patient flow and satisfaction while decreasing length of stay. Outpatient arthroplasty pathways allow same-day discharge in carefully selected, low-risk patients, reducing bed occupancy and freeing inpatient capacity. Virtual clinics support remote follow-up, patient education, and complication surveillance, decreasing unnecessary in-person visits and optimizing clinician time. Collectively, these pathways align quality improvement with sustainability by lowering bed-days, improving adherence to evidence-based practices, and enabling more efficient use of operating rooms, wards, and workforce. Conclusions: This review highlights the importance of CPWs in improving care delivery and patient outcomes in orthopedic surgery. Future efforts should refine CPWs, integrate digital tools and platforms, adopt standardized sustainability metrics, and stay flexible to evolving service demands.