A Culturally and Linguistically Tailored Intervention to Improve Diabetes-Related Outcomes in Chinese Americans With Type 2 Diabetes: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Chinese Americans with type 2 diabetes (T2D) face many linguistic, cultural, and social determinants of health-related barriers to accessing evidence-based diabetes interventions. Our team developed the culturally and linguistically tailored Chinese American Research and Education (CARE) program to provide evidence-based diabetes education and support to this group and demonstrated the feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of the intervention on improving hemoglobin A1c levels. However, it remains unclear whether the CARE program also improves diabetes self-efficacy and psychosocial outcomes in the same study sample. OBJECTIVE: This is a secondary analysis to examine the potential efficacy of the CARE program on secondary outcomes, including diabetes self-efficacy, self-care activities, beliefs in diabetes self-care activities, and diabetes distress among Chinese Americans with T2D. METHODS: A 2-arm, pilot randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the CARE program between March 1, 2021, and April 21, 2023. The trial included 60 Chinese Americans aged 18 to 70 years who had a diagnosis of T2D and a baseline hemoglobin A1c level of 7% or higher. Participants were recruited from various health care settings in New York City, including community health centers, private primary care providers, and NYU Langone Health and its affiliates, and were randomly assigned to either the CARE intervention group (n=30) or a waitlist control group (n=30). The intervention consisted of 2 culturally and linguistically tailored educational videos per week for 12 weeks, covering diabetes self-care topics such as healthy eating, physical activity, and medication adherence. These videos were delivered via the WeChat app. In addition, community health workers provided support calls to assist them in setting goals, problem-solving, and addressing social determinants of health barriers every 2 weeks. Secondary outcomes included patient self-reported diabetes self-efficacy, self-care activities, beliefs in diabetes self-care activities, and diabetes distress. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. RESULTS: Participants had a mean age of 54.3 (SD 11.5) years and 62% (37/60) were male, 78% (47/60) were married, 58% (35/60) were employed, 70% (42/60) had a high school education or lower, and 88% (53/60) reported limited English proficiency. Intervention participants demonstrated statistically significant improvements in self-efficacy at 3 months (estimated difference in change: 8.47; 95% CI 2.44-14.5; adjusted P=.02), diabetes distress at 6 months (estimated difference in change: -0.43; 95% CI -0.71 to -0.15; adjusted P=.009), and adherence to a healthy diet at both 3 months (estimated difference in change: 1.61; 95% CI 0.46-2.75; adjusted P=.02) and 6 months (estimated difference in change: 1.64; 95% CI 0.48-2.81; adjusted P=.02). CONCLUSIONS: The culturally and linguistically tailored intervention showed promise in improving self-efficacy and diabetes self-care activities among Chinese Americans with T2D, warranting validation through a large-scale randomized controlled trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03557697; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03557697.