Qualitative Factors Impacting Patients and Clinicians Regarding Intravitreal Injections for Retinal Disorders: A Scoping Review.

Background: Intravitreal injections are among the most frequently performed eye procedures worldwide. They are vital in managing vision-related retinal conditions such as neovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema and retinal vein occlusion. This review scopes qualitative research concerning people's beliefs, perspectives, experiences and behaviors towards intravitreal injections. Methods: Academic databases (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL and Web of Science) were searched for studies focused on qualitative research of intravitreal injections in adult patients, published between January 2000 and May 2024. We extracted data regarding publication and participants' characteristics, main study objectives, and methodological approaches. Results: Of the 795 identified citations, 28 met the inclusion criteria. Most studies reported on patients' emotional experiences of undergoing intravitreal injections, with the fear of vision loss compounded with ongoing injections prompting significant anxiety and uncertainty for patients. Other studies also reported on the physical component as the invasiveness of the procedure caused pain and discomfort, which varied with the clinician's delivery of the injection. One study reported on clinician experiences of performing intravitreal injections, stating that the treatment decisions are dependent on patient-related factors such as their adherence to regular injections. Overall, qualitative research in ophthalmology is increasing, with most studies employing semi-structured interviews with thematic analysis. Conclusion: Qualitative research offers valuable insights into both patient and clinician experiences of intravitreal injections, which can shape person-centered and sustainable models of intravitreal treatment. Understanding qualitative factors such as personal experiences and barriers to treatment can refine the delivery of intravitreal injections and ultimately improve patient adherence.