Advancing the Therapeutic Frontier in Thyroid Eye Disease.

Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves' orbitopathy, is driven by autoimmune processes that lead to orbital inflammation, oedema and potential vision loss. Traditional management includes high-dose intravenous corticosteroids, orbital radiotherapy and surgery. However, newer therapies, notably teprotumumab (a monoclonal antibody against the insulin-like growth factor I receptor), offer targeted immunomodulation with promising outcomes in reducing proptosis and improving symptoms. The future of TED treatment lies in further research on biologics, personalized approaches and continued multidisciplinary collaboration to optimize patient care.