Implementation research in forensic mental health: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Forensic mental health (FMH) serves as a critical juncture between the mental health and criminal justice systems. Factors on multiple levels - including sociopolitical, organizational, and individual- pose challenges to conducting implementation research in these settings. This hinders the uptake of evidence-based interventions and improvements to patient outcomes. This study examined implementation research conducted in FMH settings to understand its current state and inform future implementation research and practice. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review following the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. A comprehensive literature search was performed across seven databases from their inception through April 2024, supplemented by searches in Google Scholar and six review studies, to identify relevant research. We analyzed included studies descriptively to explore determinants, strategies, and outcomes associated with the implementation of evidence-, or policy-based interventions in FMH. RESULTS: Of the 1327 records retrieved, 41 implementation studies were included. All studies were conducted in high-income countries and focused on interventions such as risk assessment, rehabilitation, patient support, and technology interventions, primarily using qualitative approaches. Key determinants for implementing interventions in FMH included individual characteristics (e.g., motivation, capacity) and inner setting factors (e.g., intervention compatibility with existing practices, access to knowledge and information). Various strategies, such as using evaluative and iterative strategies, training and educating stakeholders, changing infrastructure, and engaging consumers have been used to facilitate intervention uptake in FMH. Implementation outcomes primarily focused on uptake, fidelity, and acceptability. CONCLUSIONS: There is a clear need for more implementation research using rigorous study designs in FMH. Multilevel implementation strategies should be employed to address barriers from both the inner settings and individual characteristics, thereby promoting the successful implementation of interventions in FMH. Future implementation research should incorporate a health equity lens throughout the research process to enhance inclusivity and improve reporting on implementation strategies to support replications of interventions in FMH.