USP21/YBX1/HIF1-α promotes the progression of prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the prevalent cancers in men. Although deubiquitinating enzymes are implicated in tumorigenesis and progression, the specific role of ubiquitin specific peptidase 21 (USP21) in PCa remains unclear. This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of USP21 as a key oncogene driving PCa progression. METHODS: Prognosis-related deubiquitinating enzymes in PCa were initially identified through PCa cohorts from TCGA and GEO databases, followed by experimental validation. USP21 expression in PCa tissues and cell lines using tissue microarray immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and RT-qPCR. The biological functions of USP21 were evaluated through patient-derived organoids, in vitro and in vivo experiments. USP21 substrate proteins were identified by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) coupled with mass spectrometry, revealing Y-box binding protein 1 (YBX1) as the primary target. YBX1 transcriptional activity was quantified using dual-luciferase reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). The effect of USP21 inhibition was evaluated using the USP21-targeted inhibitor Bay-805 in PCa cells. RESULTS: USP21 is upregulated in PCa and correlates with poor prognosis. Functional assays demonstrated that USP21 knockdown significantly inhibited PCa cells proliferation, migration, and invasion. RNA-sequencing further revealed that USP21 modulates the HIF1 signaling pathway. Mechanistically, USP21 deubiquitinates and stabilizes YBX1, which in turn enhances HIF1A (encoding HIF1-α) transcription. Notably, pharmacological inhibition of USP21 with Bay-805 suppressed PCa progression, highlighting its therapeutic potential. CONCLUSIONS: USP21 promotes PCa malignancy by interacting with YBX1 to upregulate HIF1-α expression. These findings suggest Bay-805 as a promising therapeutic candidate for PCa.