Validation of the Chinese version of the Cyberbullying Bystanders Scale.

BACKGROUND: Promoting positive changes in bystander action has been proved vital to alleviate cyberbullying. This study focuses on comparing the online and face-to-face cyberbullying bystander behaviors by validating the Chinese version of the Cyberbullying Bystanders Scale (CCBS). METHODS: A sample of 506 adolescents (54.15% boys; Mage = 13.37, SD = 0.60) aged 12-15 years from three middle schools in China participated in the study. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with principal axis factoring and oblimin rotation was used to identify the underlying structure of the CCBS. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to assess the fit of the hypothesized model based on the EFA results. We also employed multiple regression analyses to examine individual characteristics associated with bystander behaviors in both online and face-to-face settings. RESULTS: EFA supported a six-factor structure, and one item with low and cross loadings was removed during scale refinement, resulting in a 39-item instrument. CFA showed acceptable model fit (χ² = 2321.58, df = 687, p < .001; RMSEA = 0.09; CFI = 0.90; SRMR = 0.05), supporting the structural validity of the CCBS. Face-to-face defender behavior was found to be the most prevalent used action. Participants' academic performance was found negatively related to reinforcement behavior, while self-efficacy was found positively related to defending behaviors. DISCUSSION: The validated CCBS offers a culturally sensitive tool for exploring the roles of cyberbullying bystanders among Chinese adolescents, facilitating research and intervention strategies aimed at promoting positive bystander involvement.