The prevalence of and factors associated with chronic kidney disease in Gezira, Central Sudan: a community-based cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious health problem worldwide. While considerable data are available regarding the epidemiology of CKD in several African countries, data on this issue are scarce for Sudan, the third-largest country in Africa. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated factors of CKD in Gezira, Central Sudan. METHODS: A multistage community-based survey was conducted among adults. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected using a questionnaire during face-to-face interviews. Creatinine was measured using a fully automated Mindray BS-200 Chemistry Analyzer, and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration formula. Proteinuria was determined by using the dipstick semiquantitative method. Adults were considered to have CKD if the eGFR was less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. The data were assessed using multivariate binary analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 767 adults (median age = 40 years) were enrolled; 237 (30.9%) were males, and 530 (69.1%) were females. Of these, 257 (33.5%) were hypertensive, 114 (14.9%) had diabetes mellitus, and 253 (33.0%) had anemia. In total, 28 (3.7%) participants had used diuretics for hypertension, and 72 (9.4%) had CKD. Univariate analysis revealed that age, alcohol consumption, and the use of diuretics were positively associated with CKD, whereas sex, marital status, level of education, occupation, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, anemia, and BMI were not associated with CKD. Multivariate binary regression revealed that increasing age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.001‒1.032) and the use of diuretics (AOR = 3.45, 95% CI, 1.41‒8.43) were associated with an increased risk of CKD. CONCLUSION: Around one in ten (9.4%) adults in central Sudan have CKD. Increasing age and diuretic use were associated with CKD. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable.