Genome-wide characterization of ZmCRY genes: unveiling stress response mechanisms and the role of ZmCRYPHR2 in salinity tolerance.

BACKGROUND: Blue light serves as a crucial environmental signal regulating plant growth and development. The cryptochrome (CRY) family represents a key class of blue light receptors involved in these processes, as well as plant growth, development, and defense. However, the functions of CRYs in maize remain largely unexplored. RESULTS: In this study, nine ZmCRY genes were identified and found to be unevenly distributed across five chromosomes. Gene structure and conserved motif analyses revealed that ZmCRYs within the same phylogenetic groups are highly conserved. Synteny analysis indicated a close evolutionary relationship between ZmCRYs and their homologs in Oryza sativa. Promoter analysis identified diverse cis-regulatory elements linked to light response, stress tolerance, and hormone signaling. RT-qPCR analysis showed that ZmCRYs respond to various abiotic and biotic stresses, including high salinity, drought, nitrogen deficiency, Fusarium verticillioides, and Puccinia polysora. Functional studies demonstrated that ZmCRYPHR2, localized in chloroplasts and the cytoplasmic membrane, plays a role in scavenging reactive oxygen and regulating maize salt tolerance. Haplotype 2 of ZmCRYPHR2 was identified as the preferred haplotype in a panel of 269 inbred lines. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide a comprehensive genomic and functional characterization of the ZmCRY gene family, with ZmCRYPHR2 identified as a pivotal regulator of salt tolerance, offering valuable genetic insights for the development of stress-resilient maize breeding.