Evolution and Future Directions in Herbicide-Resistant Crop Development and Weed Management.

The persistent challenge of weed management in agriculture has been profoundly influenced by the development and adoption of herbicide-resistant (HR) crops. This review examines the historical evolution, current dynamics, and future directions of HR crop development and integrated weed management (IWM) strategies, providing an in-depth analysis of the field. We trace the advent of herbicide resistance in crops, highlighting the genetic and biotechnological advancements that have facilitated the development of crops resistant to various herbicidal modes of action. Concurrently, we explore the biological mechanisms of herbicide resistance in weeds and their implications for agricultural practices and herbicide effectiveness. A significant focus is placed on the renewed efforts in herbicide discovery, highlighting the challenges faced and the innovative approaches being explored, including natural product research and advanced molecular techniques. As the agronomic landscape evolves, the review emphasizes the escalating importance of IWM, presenting it as a multifaceted approach that integrates chemical, cultural, and mechanical strategies to sustainably manage weed populations. Moreover, the review highlights the emergence of non-chemical control measures, such as harvest weed seed control (HWSC) and breeding weed-competitive cultivars, underscoring their role in a comprehensive weed management strategy. The advent of site-specific weed management (SSWM) and its potential to revolutionize weed control practices are critically analysed, discussing the integration of cutting-edge technologies in precision agriculture. Looking forward, we contemplate the challenges and policy implications associated with the widespread adoption of HR crops and IWM practices, emphasizing the necessity for well-informed regulatory frameworks to ensure agricultural sustainability.