Combining pulmonary endarterectomy and balloon pulmonary angioplasty in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a narrative review of hybrid therapy approaches.

The management of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) has changed dramatically over the past two decades, with improved prognosis owing to the availability of pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA), balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) and approved medications. Recently, treatment strategies combining these options have been determined by a multidisciplinary team according to localisation, characteristics, haemodynamics and comorbidities. This review summarises recent advances in hybrid therapy, combining PEA and BPA as a treatment approach for CTEPH, and discusses future perspectives.