Applying Hybrid Coding and Reflexivity in Qualitative Content Analysis: An Exemplar.

Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA) is a widely used method in nursing research for analysing textual data. Numerous authors have provided comprehensive explanations of this approach, including step-by-step guidelines. The coding methods employed in QCA are typically categorised as deductive, inductive, or a combination of both, often referred to as the abductive or hybrid technique. However, the hybrid coding technique remains under-utilised within nursing research. Further, trustworthiness, a cornerstone of qualitative research, has been extensively discussed in the literature, with reflexivity identified as a key component of ensuring rigor and credibility. This paper presents an example from nursing research where a hybrid coding technique was applied to analyse data. The authors also detail the reflexive practices adopted by the first author, who shared a close cultural relationship with the participants and data. These practices were critical in addressing potential biases and ensuring the trustworthiness of the research. Overall, this paper provides insights into the practical application of hybrid coding within the QCA framework, contributing to a deeper understanding of its utility in nursing research.