Information, collaboration, regulation: Physician and AI researcher views on ethical considerations in clinical AI integration.

Due to the potential scope and impact of artificial intelligence's (AI's) adoption in medicine, a comprehensive assessment of the potential ethical considerations arising during clinical integration is needed. Existing ethical frameworks and principles have aided in the identification of ethical considerations that may arise during the clinical integration of AI, however, our understanding of these considerations remains preliminary to the extent that it is not yet robustly informed by empirical research on key stakeholders' experiences and perspectives. Utilizing a qualitative descriptive approach, we completed in-depth semi-structured interviews with physicians (n = 11) and AI researchers (n = 10) who had experience developing or using clinical AI regarding ethical considerations that they have perceived in relation to their work. An analysis of the interviews identified considerations related to information sharing and understanding, the risks and systemic impacts of clinical AI, and opportunities for safeguards. Physicians and AI researchers expressed questions relating to how much information and understanding is needed by both physicians and patients in order for AI to be ethically used in clinical practice, agreed that unintended impacts associated with clinical AI could pose threats to patient autonomy, and advocated for more diligent and thoughtful regulation of clinical AI innovation.