Exploring the Impact of Multimodal Training on Sensory, Motor and Cognitive Function Among Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A FOCUS Protocol of Randomised Controlled Trial.

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterised primarily by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness with associated impairments related to sensory processing and motor coordination, and attributed to abnormalities in the brain areas responsible for sensory-motor integration and cognitive control. The symptoms may persist until adulthood, impacting various aspects of life. Traditional treatment and pharmacological approaches chiefly target behavioural aspects, highlighting the need to address sensory, motor, and cognitive issues via an integrative approach. Purpose: This study aims to determine the effect of a multi-modal exercise programme on improving cognitive, sensory, and motor function among children with ADHD. Methods: The study will be a randomised controlled trial involving 60 children diagnosed with ADHD, aged 6-12 years. Children will be randomly allocated to either the intervention group or the control group. Both groups will be subjected to a 45-minute therapy session four times a week for eight weeks. The intervention group will receive sensory, motor and cognitive training, and the control group will receive standard care. Outcomes Paediatric Balance Scale (PBS), Short Sensory Profile (SSP), Trail Making Test, and Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire 2007 will be analysed at baseline, two weeks, four weeks, and at the end of the eight-week training programme. Results: It is anticipated that an integrative training approach among the intervention group, will concurrently address the underlying neurodevelopmental deficits and improve sensory, motor, and cognitive functions instead of focusing solely on symptom management among children with ADHD. Conclusion: Incorporating sensory, motor, and cognitive training offers a promising supplementary approach in ADHD management. The multimodal stimulation of neural circuits will serve to improve core functions and promote more adaptive behaviours. Trial Registration: This prospective trial has been successfully registered with the Clinical Trial Registry of India with registration number (CTRI/2025/05/086742).