Cervical high-risk human papillomavirus infection and its associated risk factors: a community-based cross-sectional study in hard-to-reach areas in Bangladesh.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cervical high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) in a community-based setting and its risk factors association in women living in hard-to-reach areas in Bangladesh. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study SETTING: The study was carried out in six subdistricts, located in hard-to-reach and climate-impacted regions of Bangladesh. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 8000 married women aged 30-60 years were invited for screening. Women who were unable to give consent, were pregnant or had a hysterectomy with removal of the cervix, previous screening less than 5 years, or treatment of the cervix or had symptoms of potential cervical cancer were excluded. INTERVENTIONS: A community-based hrHPV self-collected screening for cervical cancer was conducted from June 2022 to July 2023. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of cervical hrHPV and risk factor association. RESULTS: 11 127 women were eligible for screening; 7850 women submitted hrHPV self-swabs, 7828 valid HPV test results were reported and 164 women (2.1%) tested hrHPV positive. Women living in the North were 2.1 times more likely to be hrHPV positive compared with women living in the South (adjusted OR (AOR)=2.1, 95% CI: 1.5 to 3.8, p=0.023) and widowed women were 3.0 times more likely to be hrHPV positive than married women (AOR=3.0, 95% CI: 1.7 to 5.3, p=0.001). Another risk factor associated with testing hrHPV positive was the use of hormonal contraceptives for 5 years and above (AOR=7.0, 95% CI: 2.0 to 24.4, p=0.002). CONCLUSION: The study identified a low overall prevalence of hrHPV infection (2.1%) among women in hard-to-reach areas in Bangladesh, with some regional variations. Higher prevalence was observed in widowed compared with married women and among women reporting more than 5 years of hormonal contraceptive use. This study shows no evidence of particularly high-risk groups in hard-to-reach areas in Bangladesh. The findings support the feasibility of implementing a nationwide hr-HPV-based self-sampling strategy as a viable approach to reach WHO targets for reducing the burden of cervical cancer. Recommendation for policymakers to support future research to identify hrHPV prevalence among women in comparable groups in other geographically remote areas in Bangladesh. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05234112.