Prevalence and factors associated with pre-diabetes and undiagnosed diabetes in Cambodia: cross-sectional study based on the World Health Survey Plus 2023.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with pre-diabetes and undiagnosed type 2 diabetes (UDD) in Cambodia. DESIGN: This analysis used data from the WHO World Health Survey Plus, which was collected using a cross-sectional design with a GIS-based, three-stage sampling approach. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify key associated factors, based on a significance level of p<0.05. SETTING: Data were collected from all 25 provinces in Cambodia between 12 March 2023 and 31 May 2023. PARTICIPANTS: 4427 individuals aged 18 years or older, residing in the selected household for at least 6 months in the past year. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Pre-diabetes (Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 5.7%-6.4%) and UDD (HbA1c≥6.5%), without prior knowledge of having type 2 diabetes (T2D). RESULTS: The weighted prevalences of pre-diabetes and UDD were 26.4% (95% CI 24.0% to 29.0%) and 9.3% (95% CI 7.9% to 11.0%). Pre-diabetes prevalence was higher in urban areas compared with rural areas (adjusted OR, aOR=1.2, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.4), males (aOR=1.7, 95% CI 1.3 to 2.3), individuals aged 40-49 (aOR=1.8, 95% CI 1.4 to 2.4), individuals aged 50+ years group (aOR=2.9, 95% CI 2.3 to 3.6) compared with the 18-39 years group, overweight individuals (aOR=1.7, 95% CI 1.4 to 2.0), obese (aOR=2.1, 95% CI 1.5 to 3.0) and those with elevated total triglycerides (aOR=1.3, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.5). Similar risk factors were identified for UDD, with the addition of hypertension (aOR=1.6, 95% CI 1.3 to 2.0) and high waist circumference (aOR=2.0, 95% CI 1.5 to 2.7). CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of pre-diabetes and UDD in Cambodia is a pressing public health concern. Urgent and intensive interventions are needed to effectively prevent and manage T2D, particularly among urban residents, older persons and individuals with metabolic risk factors.